NORFOLK

Norfolk (Virginia), independent city in southeastern Virginia, located at the mouth of the James, Elizabeth, and Nansemond rivers. Situated on the natural waterway called Hampton Roads, the city is near the outlet of Chesapeake Bay on the Atlantic Ocean. Mile Zero of the Atlantic portion of the scenic Intracoastal Waterway is located on Norfolk’s harbor. The city is linked to the Delmarva Peninsula by the 28-km (17-mi) long Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, which opened in 1964. With the cities of Hampton, Newport News, and Portsmouth, to which it is linked by bridge, tunnel, and ferry services, Norfolk forms the Port of Hampton Roads, one of the principal commercial ports in the United States.

Norfolk is a major seaport and an important military center, having one of the world’s largest concentrations of naval installations. An Armed Forces Staff College and the Atlantic headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) are also located in the city. The Norfolk Naval Shipyard is across the Elizabeth River, in Portsmouth. A network of railroads and highways converge on the Norfolk-Portsmouth Harbor, making it a leading grain-shipping point on the East Coast. The region also comprises one of the world’s largest coal-exporting ports. International trade, financial services, tourism, ship repair, and manufacturing are also important to the economy. Manufactures include processed food and industrial machines. The area is served by Norfolk International Airport.

Norfolk is home to Old Dominion University (1930), Norfolk State University (1935), Virginia Wesleyan College (1961), and Eastern Virginia Medical School (1964). The city is the site of the Chrysler Museum, which includes an extensive glass collection, and a memorial to Douglas MacArthur in the restored 1850 city hall, including the general’s burial crypt. Nauticus, the National Maritime Center, boasts a collection of high-tech exhibits with sections on nautical topics such as shipbuilding, navigation, maritime commerce, and environmental science. Each spring the annual International Azalea Festival celebrates the NATO Alliance.

Norfolk was founded in 1682, incorporating as a borough in 1736 and as a city in 1845. Its early growth was based on trade with the West Indies, as well as the shipment of products, such as tobacco, tar, and lumber, from the plantations in Virginia and North Carolina. During the American Revolution it suffered a British naval bombardment in January 1776, and was invaded and briefly occupied by British troops in May 1779. A disastrous fire in 1799 destroyed every building except Saint Paul’s Church, built in 1739. Rebuilt after the war, Norfolk became an important shipbuilding and maritime center. A severe epidemic of yellow fever in 1855, however, seriously retarded its development.

In May 1862 during the American Civil War, Norfolk was captured by Union forces. Its enormous military growth began during World War I (1914-1918). Because of federal defense cuts in the early 1990s, Norfolk lost some civilian federal and defense-related jobs, especially in the ship-repair industry. The city is named for Norfolk, England, the former home of early settler Adam Thoroughgood.

Norfolk covers a land area of 139 sq km (54 sq mi), with a mean elevation of 4 m (12 ft). According to the 2000 census, whites are 48.4 percent of the population, blacks 44.1 percent, Asians 2.8 percent, Native Americans 0.5 percent, and Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders 0.1 percent. The remainder are of mixed heritage or did not report race. Hispanics, who may be of any race, are 3.8 percent of the people. Population 266,979 (1980); 261,229 (1990); 234,403 (2000); 229,112 (2006).